Hesabatlar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Within this suite of four hundred and ninety two (492) sediment samples from thirty seven (37) outcrop localities, good, very good and rich source rocks are most extensive in the Maykop and particularly in the (Middle and) Upper Maykop. Effective Maykopian source facies occur in an east-west zone from Shemakha and Angicharan in the west to Yunusdag and Gezdeg in the east (Figure 1). The available data suggest that the Maykopian is a poor source facies in the south of the study area but within the east-west zone, it is richest in the east. Good source rocks should be more extensive and dependable in the offshore.

Both the Koun and the Productive Series are lean and ineffective, but good to rich source rocks occur in the Diatom Suite, the Cretaceous and the Bathonian-Callovian. At most localities the Diatom Suite is poor, but there are a few metres of good to very good source in the Umbaki area and more significantly an extremely rich oil source facies at Deali in the west. Data suggest an hypersaline environment, in which case the rich facies could be fairly widespread in the onshore but absent in the offshore. A degree of restriction and therefore the same risk, is implied for the extremely rich oil source in the Late Cretaceous at Atacay. Unfortunately this was collected from a debris flow and so the thickness of this source unit cannot be defined.

However, as the Late Cretaceous is the postulated source for the two analysed seeps from the Shemakha area, it is presumably extensive. The seeps around and to the northwest of Umbaki were probably sourced from the Early Maykop whilst those on the Apsheron Peninsula are from the Upper Maykop.

None of the analysed seeps relate to the Diatom Suite or to the Late Bathonian - Early Callovian at Tengi Alti in the north, which includes a substantial thickness of good and very good source rocks for oil. However, shows are present in the Jurassic at Jimichai and the Jurassic source facies could be extensive.

There are therefore, good source rocks in the Diatom Suite, Upper Maykop, Middle Maykop, Early Maykop, Late Cretaceous and Middle Jurassic. The Upper and Middle Maykop belong to a geochemical continuum but otherwise, each of these units and their products can be distinguished geochemically.

Following a presentation of the Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography (Chapters 3 and 4), the Geochemical interpretations and conclusions produced in this study are discussed in detail in Chapters 6 through 10.

CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Text Figure 1: Summary

2. INTRODUCTION
Text Figure 2: Source Rock and Seep Locations2.1 Objectives2.2 Report Format2.3 Source Rock SamplesText Figure 3: Stratigraphy of Study Area
2.4 Seep Samples2.5 Analytical Data Base2.6 Analytical Techniques2.7 Interpretation ParametersA. Source Richness and Organic FaciesB. Maturity2.8 Sample Quality - Weathering

3. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA3.1 Jurassic3.2 Cretaceous3.3 TertiaryText Table 1: Maykop - Composite Section of the Northern Argillaceous FaciesText Table 2: Maykop - Composite Section of the Southern Sandy and Argillaceous Facies

4. ALAEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION4.1 HauterivianText Figure 4: Palaeogeography - Hauterivian4.2 KounText Figure 5: Palaeogeography - Koun4.3 MaykopText Figure 6: Palaeogeography - Maykop4.4 ChokrakText Figure 7: Palaeogeography - Chokrak4.5 Karaganian - Konkian (Diatom)Text Figure 8: Palaeogeography - Karaganian - Konkian4.6 SarmatianText Figure 9: Palaeogeography - Sarmatian

5. SOURCE ROCK IMPLICATIONS FROM STRATIGRAPHY AND GIA ARCHIVE
Text Table 3: Natural Radioactivity from the Rocks of Azerbaijan

6. REGIONAL SOURCE ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY
Text Figure 10: Source Rock Distribution6.1 JurassicText Figure 11: Regional Source Facies - Jurassic6.2 CretaceousText Figure 12: Regional Source Facies - Cretaceous6.3 KounText Figure 13: Regional Source Facies - Koun6.4 Early MaykopText Figure 14: Regional Source Facies - Early Maykop6.5 Middle MaykopText Figure 15: Regional Source Facies - Middle Maykop6.6 Upper MaykopText Figure 16: Regional Source Facies - Upper Maykop6.7 Diatom SuiteText Figure 17: Regional Source Facies - Diatom Suite6.8 SarmatianText Figure 18: Regional Source Facies - Sarmatian6.9 Productive SeriesText Figure 19: Regional Source Facies - Productive Series

7. SOURCE ROCK GROUPINGS7.1 Saturates ChromatogramsText Figure 20: Source Rocks: CPI vs jC19/jC207.2 BiomarkersText Figure 21: Jurassic BiomarkersText Figure 22: Environmental Changes with Time, Upper Bathonian - Early Callovian, Tengi AltiText Figure 23: Early Maykop Type BiomarkersText Figure 24: Middle Maykop Biomarker GroupsText Figure 25: Upper Maykop Biomarker GroupsText Figure 26: Diatom Suite Biomarkers - SteranesText Figure 27: Diatom Suite Biomarkers - TerpanesText Figure 28: Biomarker Differences by Age7.3 IsotopesText Figure 29: Source Rock Pyrolysate Carbon Isotope CompositionText Figure 30: Carbon Isotope Profile, Locality 28 (RAM), Diatom SuiteText Figure 31: Carbon Isotope Profile, Locality 23 (MAY) Upper Maykop and Locality 8(KR) Middle Maykop7.4 Conclusions

8. SEEP EVALUATION8.1 Chromatographic AnalysesText Figure 32: Organosulphur Chromatograms of Seeps8.2 BiomarkersText Figure 33: Oil Seep Biomarkers, Group A and Group BText Figure 34: Oil Seep Biomarkers, Group C and Group D8.3 Isotopic compositionsText Figure 35: Oil Seeps - Deuterium and Sulphur IsotopesText Figure 36: Oil Seeps and Source Rocks. Carbon Isotope Composition8.4 Seep to Seep CorrelationText Figure 37: Oil Seep Families8.5 Seep to Source Correlation

9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSText Figure 38: Source Rock DistributionText Figure 39: Summary

10. GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF OUTCROP LOCALITIES

Unless noted otherwise, Text Figures with the prefix "L" are photographs and sketches of the sampling localities. Those without a prefix refer to plots of source facies and pyrolysis results against logs. Chromatograms, histograms, mass fragmentograms and tabulated data are located in the Appendices. Numbers in the left hand margin are the Locality numbers
 

1. QORDUCOY RIVER (AG)
2. MESARINSK (MS)
3. ANGICHARAN (ANG) Text Figures L-1, 3-1, 2
4. SHIKHZAIRLY (SZG) Text Figures L-1, L-2, 4-1, 2
5. ANGICHARAN VALLEY (AV) Text Figure L-3
6. XILMILLI RIVER (K) Text Figures L-3, L-4, 6-1, 2
7. XILMILLI VALLEY (KV)
8. KOZLYCHAI RIVER (KR) Text Figures L-5, 8-1, 2
9. LAHIC RIVER (LE) Text Figures 9-1, 2
10. GALA ALTI CASTLE (T)

10 A LAHIC (LG)

11. ATACAY RIVER (ALR)
12. ALTIAGAC VILLAGE (ALT) Text Figures L-8, 12-1, 2
13. ATACAY DEBRIS FLOW (ALD)
14. GILGILCAY RIVER (GCR)
15. GILGILCAY RIVER - JURASSIC RIDGE (GCR)
16. GILGILCAY RIVER (GCR) Text Figure L-8
17. GILGILCAY RIVER (GCR) Text Figures L-9, 17-1, 2

17A GILGILCAY RIVER (GCR)

18. TENGI ALTI GORGE (TAG) Text Figures L-9, 18-1, 2
19. TUGCAY RIVER (AGA)
20. GYADYSU (GYA) Text Figure L-10
21. PEREKYUSHKYUL (PER) Text Figures L-10, 11, 12, 21-1, 2
22. YUNUSDAG (YUN) Text Figure L-13
23. XILMILLI (MAY, MAYB) Text Figures 23-1,2. See L-5
24. UMBAKI (UMB) Text Figure L-3
25. UMBAKI (UMB)
26. UMBAKI (UMB)
27. UMBAKI (UMB) Text Figures 27-1, 2
28. UMBAKI (RAM) Text Figures L-16, 17, 28-1, 2
29. SHIKHZAIRLY (SZG) Text Figures 29-1, 2
30. SHIKHZAIRLY (SZG) Text Figures L18, 30-1, 2
31. GEZDEG (GUZ Text Figure L-17
32. BADIRI (BD) Text Figures L-19, 32-1, 2
33. BOYANATA (BO) Text Figures 33-1, 2
34. SIYAKI (S) Text Figures L-22, 34, 2

35A KIRMAKY VALLEY (KV/MS) Text Figure L-2335B KIRMAKY VALLEY (KV/GIA)
 

36. DEALI (DE)
37. JIMICHAI (J) Text Figures L-24, L-25, 37-1, 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The main objectives of this study have been to investigate the vertical extent of oil window to aid future exploration of deeper horizons in the Lower Kura Depression. Additionally, determinations of possible source rocks that contributed to oil accumulations, timing of oil generation from these source rocks and characterization of petroleum occurrences in the study area have been investigated.

In this study, we approach the problem by utilizing detailed organic geochemistry of oils and available source rocks (from boreholes and rocks ejected from mud volcanoes) and computer-aided modeling which simulates physico-chemical and geological processes.

Detailed organic geochemical data on 26 crude oil samples from nine oil fields and some hydrocarbons extracted from the rocks of the Eocene-Pliocene sequence in the Lower Kura Depression of the South Caspian Basin are presented.

Oil accumulations seem to be associated with all of the potential reservoir rocks within the Miocene-Quaternary stratigraphic sequence which consists of alternating shale (siltstone) sand beds of a typical prograding delta. Paleogene and Cretaceous rocks, lying at depths greater than 6-6.5 km, have not been penetrated by drilling; however, they have been brought to the surface by mud volcano activities. This provides a unique opportunity to study the organic geochemical properties of these older units.

CONTENTS

(i) List of Tables
(ii) List of Figures

1. INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF STUDY

2. GEOLOGY

2.1 Geologic Setting2.2 Stratigraphy2.3 Structural Geology2.4Mud Volcanoes

3. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
 

3.1 Source Rocks3.2 Reservoir Rocks3.3 Traps3.4 Oil Fields

4. PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY
 

4.1 Samples and Analytical Methods4.1.a Rock Eval Pyrolysis and LECO TOC4.1.b Visual Kerogen Analysis4.1.c Vitrinite Refelectance Analysis4.1.d Sulfur Analysis4.1.e Geochemistry of Oils and Soluble Organic Matter (SOM)4.1.e.1 Gas Chromatographic (GC) Analysis4.1.e.2 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopic (GC-MS) Analysis4.1.f Carbon Isotope and Infra-red Spectroscopic Analyses of Gases and Oils4.2 Results and Discussion4.2.a Potential Hydrocarbon Source Rocks4.2.b Type of Organic Matter and Source Rocks Facies4.2.c Thermal Maturity of Oils and Potential Source Rocks4.3 Summary and Conclusions

5. BASIN MODELING
 

5.1 Outlines of the Modeling Approach and Modeled Wells5.2 Conceptual Model and Input5.2.a Boundaries of Study Area5.2.b Events and Layers5.2.c Paleobathymetry and Sediment/Water Interface Temperatures5.2.d Heat Flow Considerations5.3 Simulation Results and Interpretation5.3.a Burial History5.3.b Thermal History5.3.c Maturation History5.3.d Hydrocarbon Generation History5.4 Summary and Conclusions

6. CONCLUSIONS

7. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

REFERENCES

TABLES

FIGURES


APPENDICES

1. Structural Maps
2. GC-Chromatograms and Mass Fragmentograms of Oils and Bitumens

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CONTENTS


(i) Executive summary
(ii) Contents List


1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aims and Scope of the Study
1.2 Methods
1.3 Report Organisation
1.4 Roles and Responsibilities


2. SEDIMENTOLOGY

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Outcrop Sedimentology
2.3 Petrography and Reservoir Quality
2.4 Conclusions


3. FAULTING WITHIN THE PRODUCTIVE SERIES

3.1 Introduction and Objectives
3.2 Kirmaky Valley
3.3 Balakhany Quarry
3.4 Balakhany Foreshore
3.5 Aktapa Bridge
3.6 Conclusions


4. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results of Outcrop Studies
4.3 Conclusions


5. PROSPECTIVITY WITHIN THE PRODUCTIVE SERIES OF THE LOWER KURA VALLEY

5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Exploration and Production
5.3 Lithofacies Characterisation
5.4 Depositional Environments
5.5 Future Prospectivity


6. PROSPECTIVITY WITHIN THE MUGAN HOMOCLINE REGION

6.1 Introduction
6.2 History of Research
6.3 Lithostratigraphy
6.4 Structure and Tectonics
6.5 Future Prospectivity
6.6 Conclusions


7. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY


APPENDIX 1: Graphic Logs
APPENDIX 2: Petrographic Analyses
APPENDIX 3: Reservoir Quality Tables
APPENDIX 4: Biostratigraphic Data

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The overall objective of this study as determined by the Sponsors was to 1) document stratigraphic variations affecting the distribution of reservoir quality sediments + HC-rich source rocks through the analysis of seismic and well data, 2) determine the rock maturation characteristics and chemistry of oils and rocks and 3) construct log controlled cross-sections that correlate to regional seismic profiles. The items listed below were integrated to form final interpretations:
 

• Tectonic and sediment transport overview
• Regional Cross-sections
• Seismic Profile Interpretation
• Stratigraphic Columns
• Reservoir Characterization Petrology/PetrographyFormation WatersClay DataMineralogy of Reservoirs
• Geochemistry of Rocks and Oil

  
  Of the 199 rock samples studed, 71 thin sections were cut for petrographic description and initial reservoir characterization. These samples were also used for biostratigraphic interpretations, source rock analysis, maturation and stable isotope work. The distribution of these samples - geographic and stratigraphic - is shown on maps, along with detailed tables of the data. A CD is included showing these thin sections. 85 oil samples were collected from wells and seeps and the distribution is noted in tables. These samples were used in several analytical procedures to attempt to categorize them into families and biomarker interpretations.

  
  Regional cross sections are included as enclosures to this report and regional stratigraphic interpretations made from log and seismic sections, although limited, are also included in this year study. An extensive bibliography has been accumulated.

  
  CONTENTS

  
  VOLUME 1. INTRODUCTION
  

  1.1 List of Figures (all volumes)1.2 List of Tables (all volumes)1.3 Appendix List1.4 List of Enclosures (all volumes)1.5 Acknowledgements1.6 Project Schedule1.7 Project Contributors1.8 Executive Summary1.9 Terminology

  
  VOLUME 2. TECTONICS AND GEOPHYSICS
  

  2.1 Chapter 1. Tectonic Summary of the South Caspian2.1.1 Late Paleozoic2.1.2 Triassic2.1.3 Early Jurassic2.1.4 Middle-Late Jurassic2.1.5 Early Cretaceous2.1.6 Late Cretaceous2.7 Paleogene2.1.8 Miocene2.1.9 Pliocene-Pleistocene2.1.10 Quaternary2.1.11 Tectonic Setting2.1.12 Project Area2.1.13 Pricaspian-Kuba Area2.1.14 Shamaka-Gobustan Area2.1.15 Apsheron Area2.1.16 Lower Kura Area2.1.17 Baku Archipelago2.2 Chapter 2. Geophysics2.2.1 Seismic Cycles2.2.2 Seismic Acquisition Techniques2.2.3 Processing of Seismic Data2.2.4 Seismic Interpretation2.2.5 Results2.2.6 Seismic Terminology

  
  VOLUME 3. STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION
  

  3.1 Introduction3.2 Mesozoic3.3 Tertiary3.3.1 Paleocene3.3.2 Eocene3.3.3 Oligo-Miocene3.3.4 Mio-Pliocene3.3.5 Middle Pliocene (Productive Series)3.3.6 Upper Pliocene3.4 Quaternary3.4.1 Lower Apsheronian3.4.2 Middle Apsheronian3.4.3 Upper Apsheronian3.5 Summary

  
  VOLUME 4. ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY
  
  
  

  4.1 Chapter 1. Source Rock Characterization4.1.1 Bulk Analysis
  
  • Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
  • Rock Eval Pyrolysis
  4.1.2 Chromatographic Analysis
  • Soxhlet Extraction
  • Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)
  • Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
  4.1.3 Visual Kerogen Analysis
  • Sample Preparation
  • Kerogen Types and Depositional Environments
  • Biostratigraphic Age Determination
  4.1.4 Maturity Analysis
  • Reflected Light Microscopy
  • Transmitted Light Microscopy
  • Chemical Methods
  • Synthesis
  4.1.5 References

  
  4.2 Chapter 2. Crude Oil and Seep Characterization
  

  4.2.1 Bulk Analysis
  • Relative Density
  • Total Sulfur
  • Asphaltene Isolation, Column Chromatography and Carbon Isotopes
  4.2.2 Chromatographic Analysis
  • Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)
  • Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
  4.2.3 Seep Characterization
  • Asphaltene Isolation and Pyrolysis
  • Chromatographic Analysis
  • Seep-Crude Oil - Source Rock Correlation
  4.2.4 Integrated Biomarker - Isotope Technique4.2.5 Oil - Source Rock Correlation4.2.6 Generation, Expulsion and Migration4.2.7 References4.2.8 Appendices4A1. Physical Rock Descriptions
  4A2. Vitrinite Reflectance Histograms
  4A3. Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detection: Seeps (soluble Fraction)
  4A4. Historical Perspective of Geochemical Research in Azerbaijan
  4B1. Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detection: Source Rock Extracts
  4B2. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, Source Rock Extracts: Steranes
  4C1. Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detection: Crude Oils
  4C2. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, Crude Oils: Steranes
  4C3. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, Crude Oils: Terpanes
  4C4. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, Crude Oils: Various Compounds
  

  
  VOLUME 5. RESERVOIR GEOLOGY/OIL AND GAS FIELDS
  

  5.1 Chapter 1. Reservoir Geology5.1.1 Introduction5.1.2 Clay Mineralogy5.1.3 Mineralogy and Reservoir Properties of Middle Pliocene5.1.4 Petrology5.1.5 Formation Waters in Azerbaijan5.1.6 Apsheronian Oil and Gas Region5.1.7 Lower Kura Depression5.1.8 Baku Archipelago5.1.9 References5.1.10 Terminology5.2 Oil and Gas Fields5.2.1 Brief History of the Oil Industry in the South Caspian5.2.2 Project Area5.2.3 Apsheron Area5.2.4 Lower Kura Area5.2.5 Baku Archipelago5.2.6 Shamaka-Gobustan Trend5.2.7 Pricaspian-Kuba Area5.2.8 Depth of Production5.2.9 References

  
  VOLUME 6. REFERENCES AND APPENDIX
  

  6.1 References6.2 Appendix: Formation Water Mineralogy Histograms